commemorative stone {cornerstone} placed at main building corner just after building has begun.
Living room, bathroom, kitchen, and bedroom items {fixture}, such as sink, bathtub, toilet, ceiling lights, and power outlets, attach to house.
Circular stones {millstone} can grind grain.
Ditches {moat} can be around castles.
Temporary platforms {scaffold} can be for construction or execution.
moldings, doors, and ornamental pieces {woodwork}.
Stones {arch, building}| can curve over space between two stone columns. To build, stones rise from column tops. Scaffolding holds stones. Top middle has a stone {keystone}, added last. Arches have side and downward pressures. Steel arches use steel rectangles. Beams or bridges can be on arch tops.
Straight beams {lintel} can lie across two column tops {post} {post and lintel}|.
Visible frames {truss, roof}| can support roofs over halls.
Semicircular arches can have wedge-shaped blocks {voussoir}, not overlapping stones.
First arches {corbel} had center point.
Gothic cathedrals had pointed arches {Gothic arch}.
Romanesque churches had round arches {Romanesque arch}.
Church basements {crypt}| can store the dead.
concrete building base {foundation}.
tomb {sepulcher}.
main horizontal wood or steel board {beam, building}.
flat end connector {butt joint}.
main horizontal beam {girder}.
steel beam {I beam}.
metal beam connector {joint, building}.
Holes {mortise} can receive tenons to make joins.
Blocks {quoin} can make angles on building exteriors.
Sloping beams {rafter} can go from top horizontal beam to roof edge, under joists.
Horizontal beams {ridgepole} can be along rooftops.
Short light wood beams {scantling} can insert vertically in building frames.
Points {tenon} can insert into mortises to make joins.
Wood beams {two-by-four} are 1-5/8 inch by 3-3/8 inch.
bridge-end support {abutment}.
Columns can have woman shape {caryatid}.
Byzantine churches can have buttressed main columns {pier, column}, with rim {pendentive} at dome.
square pillar {pilaster}|.
Large wood, steel, or concrete posts {piling} {pile, building}, deep in ground, can support buildings.
Columns or beams {pillar, column} can support roofs.
floating-bridge support {pontoon}.
wire-carrying steel pole or ceremonial gateway {pylon, column}.
Triangular regions {spandrel, building} can be between two arches or from column tops to arch tops.
vertical post {stanchion}.
North-American tree trunks {totem pole} can have carved animal totems.
Wedges {doorjamb} can hold doors open.
Doors {Dutch door} can have top and bottom halves that open separately.
Doors {French door} can have glass.
doorframe side {jamb, door}.
vertical door divide {mullion}.
entranceway {portal}.
rear gate {postern}.
Egyptian New Kingdom temples had ceremonial gateway {pylon, gateway} between two walls at entrance.
horizontal door side {rail, door}.
Japanese light sliding or folding door {shoji}.
A chain and spring {snubber, door} can prevent doors from opening too wide.
vertical door side {stile, door}.
small entrance stairs {stoop}.
heavy door {storm door}.
entrance or under-door wood or stone panel {threshold, door} {saddle, door}.
Shinto shrine gate {torii, gate}.
Parallel horizontal beams {joist} can hold floors or ceilings.
Wood flooring {parquet} can have checkerboard look.
public speaker's raised platform {rostrum}.
Polished stone chips {terrazzo} can be in marble floors.
charcoal square {briquette}.
burned coal remains {clinker}.
hot burned wood remains {ember}.
Brick areas {hearth} can be in front of fireplaces.
Greek Archaic had different temple styles {Greek temple}: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Temple stones fit together, with no clay, concrete, or cement. Temple roofs were terra-cotta tiles on wood rafters over wood beams.
Archaic temples had stepped platform, platform columns, and stones above columns {entablature}|.
Doric columns had tops {capital, column} including echinus and abacus.
Doric columns had capitals including lower flared piece {echinus} and abacus.
Doric columns had capitals including echinus and higher thick piece {abacus, column}.
Ionic columns had bottom flat base, capital, deeper fluting, and curved piece {volute}| between echinus and abacus. Corinthian columns had more-elaborate volutes.
Doric columns taper and are slightly convex {entasis}, but Ionic columns are cylindrical.
Entablature included stone blocks {architrave}| {epistyle}, resting on columns, around top. Entablatures had stone-block friezes over architraves.
Doric friezes had regularly repeated blocks {triglyph}.
Doric friezes had triglyphs with two vertical grooves {glyph, frieze}.
Doric friezes had triglyphs with two half-grooves {chamfer} alternating with metope.
Doric friezes had triglyphs with glyph and two chamfer alternating with blank spaces {metope}. Ionic friezes had three vertical small rectangles alternating with reliefs.
Entablatures had triangles {pediment}| between flat ceiling and sloping roof sides, on short sides.
Entablatures had bands {frieze}| around building tops, on long sides.
Entablatures had horizontal pieces on long sides and triangular stones on short sides {facade, temple}, projecting over cornice.
Entablatures had horizontal pieces on long sides and facades projecting over frieze tops {cornice}|.
Temples had a central room {cella} {naos} for god image. In front of cella was a pronaos walled porch with two front columns. Closed porches can be behind cella. Cella and pronaos were like megaron of Mycenaeans.
In large temples, columns {colonnade}| {peristyle} went around naos and pronaos.
Archaic temples {Doric temple} had an oldest style.
Archaic temples {Ionic temple} had a newer style.
Archaic temples {Corinthian temple} can vary Ionic style.
pipe {conduit}.
pipe {duct}.
Pipes {penstock} can carry water to turbines.
Vertical pipes {standpipe} can hold water to make pressure.
street water pipe {water main}.
battlement {crenel}.
overhang and beam end {fascia, building}.
Metal or plastic {flashing, roof joints} can be over roof joints, such as where chimney meets roof.
Convex edges {hip, building} can be where two sloping roofs meet.
Spaces {plenum, roof} can be between suspended ceilings and roofs or raised floor and ground.
roof slope {rake, roof}.
sloping-roof horizontal top {ridge, roof}.
under overhangs and beams {soffit, roof}.
Concave edges {valley} can be where two sloping roofs meet.
Roofs {vault} can have arches.
bell tower {belfry}.
raised turret or pavilion {belvedere}.
small roof dome {cupola}.
roof-window gable {dormer}.
Roof edges {eave} can extend beyond wall.
Triangles {gable, roof} can be at rooftop ends.
fantastically carved drain spout or beam {gargoyle}.
point {pinnacle}|.
Temple roof points can have upward curved metal points {sky lick}.
Roof openings {skylight} can have transparent material to let in light.
Sleeves {windsock} can rotate in wind.
tall plaster demon {yak, roof}.
Cloth roofs {canopy} can be on poles.
Russian Orthodox cathedrals {tented church} can have roofs {hipped roof} {tented roof} with small arches in tiers.
Roofs {mansard} can have two levels on all four sides, with lower roof steeper than upper.
large tent or theater-entrance small roof {marquee}.
wood roof tiles {shake}.
Thin wood, rubber, composite, brick, or terra cotta rectangles {shingle} can overlap to cover roof.
cylindrical roof {barrel vault}.
Early Romanesque church vaults had groined vaults {cross vault}.
intersecting barrel vault {groined vault}.
Later Romanesque church vaults {ribbed groin vault} used wood or masonry in intersecting groined-vault lines {rib, vault}.
Column rings can hold domes, with aisles {ambulatory, building} between inside columns and outer wall.
Closed rooms {anechoic chamber} can prevent echoes.
small waiting room {antechamber}.
small waiting room {anteroom}.
Houses can have hall rooms {atrium, building}. Churches can have colonnaded end courts.
Spaces {attic} can be under roofs and above top floors.
Romanesque churches can have bell towers {campanile}.
room {chamber}.
bathroom/restroom {comfort station}.
Rooms {darkroom} can be for developing photographs.
home study room {den, room}.
living room or special reception room {drawing room}.
lobby or entrance hall {foyer}.
attic loft or room {garret}.
Rising plank seats {grandstand, building} can be beside reviewing areas or playing fields.
bathroom {lavatory}.
government or business building entrance hall {lobby, building}.
bar {lounge}.
Mycenaean palaces had centers with audience halls {megaron}.
Theaters can have lowest balconies or half stories {mezzanine}.
Churches can have an entrance hall {narthex} between atrium and nave.
Long halls have ends {nave}|.
Businesses or houses have visiting rooms {parlor}.
uncovered paved recreation area {patio}.
Apartments {penthouse} can be on top stories, or sheds can use building walls.
Covered areas {portico}| with two parallel column rows can be at entrances.
ladies restroom {powder room}.
latrine {privy}.
Basement areas {root cellar} can be for keeping vegetables.
domed round large room {rotunda}.
drawing room or fancy shop {salon}.
Rooms {scullery} can be beside kitchens for dish washing and food preparation.
windowed south room or porch {solarium}.
reading or writing room {study}.
room set {suite, building}.
windowed south room {sun parlor}.
Churches can have crosswise halls or side halls {bema} {transept} between apse and nave.
Roofed open porches {verandah} {veranda} can be along building sides.
small lobby, small entrance hall, or train-car enclosed end {vestibule}.
sacristy or church meeting room {vestry}.
small extra space {alcove}.
Long halls can have two large circular end niches {apse}|.
Areas {chancel} around alter can be for choirs.
corn holder {corncrib}.
Enclosed square areas {cubicle} in large rooms can be for office workers.
triangular-ended porch {gable, porch}|.
garbage area {kitchen midden}.
Rooms or closets {larder, room} can be for meat and other foods.
house garbage dump {midden}.
Standardized building units {module, building} have functions.
Raised racks {mow} can be for grain or hay storage.
room corner {nook}.
Waste drain systems have extensions {cleanout} from lowest drain to above-house trap, with covers.
Tanks {septic tank} can receive house wastewater and have anaerobic bacteria. They do not connect to public sewer systems.
Waste drain systems can have main pipes {soil stack} that lead from lowest drain to roof.
Waste drain systems can have branch pipes {vent stack} that lead from toilet to roof.
stadium plank seats {bleacher}.
enclosed theater seat {box seat}.
Stages can have lights {footlight}| in front at stage level.
theater lights {house lights}.
Theaters can have enclosed seating rooms {loge}|. Theater mezzanines can have front rows.
Theater stages can have arches {proscenium arch}| over front.
Curtains {tableau curtain} can draw sideways and upward, as on theater stages.
banister or railing vertical post {baluster}.
walkway railing and posts {balustrade}.
stair railing {banister}.
Roofed open walkways {breezeway} can be between two buildings.
Narrow walkways {catwalk} can be beside bridges or posts.
Buildings can have front or side open-sided galleries or arcades {loggia}|, above street level.
Posts {newel} can be at upper or lower staircase banister ends.
hand rail {railing}.
Vertical boards {riser, stairs} can be under staircase steps.
Vertical boards {stringer, stairs} can be on staircase sides.
staircase step {tread, stairs}.
5-centimeter to 10-centimeter wood boards {baseboard} can be on walls beside floors.
Arched roof vaults can have outside wood or stone supports {buttress}|.
Walls can go up to windowed walls {clerestory}| above one roof level.
Buildings can have steel skeletons and glass sides {curtain wall}.
front wall {facade, building}.
Materials {facing} can be on building outside surfaces.
insulated wall {firewall}.
Gothic cathedrals had outside arch supports {flying buttress}|, from ground to clerestory.
wall-frame horizontal board {furring strip}.
Horizontal wood board or bricks {mantle, fireplace} can be over fireplace tops.
Temples can have concave wall recesses {niche, wall}, to hold sculptures.
Walls or banks {rampart} can guard soldiers against attack.
wall or embankment ledge {scarcement}.
baseboard horizontal molding {shoe molding}.
Aluminum or wood boards or panels {siding, wall} can attach to frames to make walls.
wall-frame bottom board {sole plate}.
wall-frame vertical board {stud, wall}.
wall-frame top board {top plate}.
wall wood panel or wall lower half {wainscot} {wainscoting}.
Later Medieval chapels had tall monumental entrance {westwork} with two towers.
picket {pale, picket} {paling}.
Fence sticks {picket, post} can have point pounded into ground.
Ditches {sunk fence} can be beside walls at land borders.
Mosque qibla has a center niche {mihrab}, to cause illusion of limitless horizontal distance.
A Mosque side {qibla} faces Mecca.
Hindu temples can have bell-shaped reliquary niches {stupa}|.
Supports {apron, window} can be under window stools.
Windows {bay window} can curve outward from walls.
Horizontal or vertical window slats {blind} can turn or slide.
Decorative trim {casing, window} can be around window frames.
door or window recess or wall gun opening {embrasure}.
Parallel or crossed bars {grate over opening} can be over openings.
window-frame side {jamb, window}.
Movable slats {louver} can be over windows or over roof or wall openings.
surface decorative strip {molding}.
vertical or horizontal window divide {muntin}.
glass window {pane}.
large living-room window {picture window}.
movable-sash horizontal wood side {rail, window}.
window-frame movable frame {sash, window}.
Outer window covers {shutter, window} can be on hinges or hooks.
window-frame and outer window-ledge bottom horizontal part {sill, window}.
movable-sash vertical wood side {stile, window}.
inner window ledge {stool, window}.
Second windows {storm window} can hook outside windows.
Windows {transom} above doors or windows can be on hinges, or windows can have horizontal pieces.
Gothic cathedrals had windows in openings {triforium} between arches.
Cloth or rubber strips {weather stripping} can be between door and door jamb or window and window sill.
Horizontal boards {windowsill} can be below windows.
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Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225